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Chapter 4: The Building
Architectural Design
Schematic Design
Designing Using Computer Simulations
Design of High Performance
Features and Systems
Designing for Daylighting
Passive and Active Solar Systems
Accommodating Recycling Activities
LANL
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Chapter 4 Schematic Design
The Building Achieving a sustainable building requires a commitment Architectural programming establishes the needs and
from developing the initial F&OR documents through requirements for all of the functions in the building and
Architectural Design construction detailing and commissioning. Initial deci their relationship to one another. Wise programming
sions, such as the building’s location, general massing, maximizes energy savings by placing spaces in the most
and configuration profoundly affect the building’s envi advantageous position for daylighting, thermal control,
ronmental impact and energy performance. Well and solar integration. It may also uncover opportunities
defined sustainable goals will guide the entire spectrum for multiple functions to share space, thus reducing the
of decisionmaking throughout the design and con gross square footage of the building.
struction process (see Chapter 2). Architectural programming involves an analysis of the
required spaces to meet the functional and operational
In a sustainable building, the architecture needs of the facility. With an eye toward sustainability
itself is expected to provide comfort for the
occupants.
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The long east/west axis, undulating Trombe wall providing passive solar heating and daylighting, and the horizontal
architectural elements shading the Trombe wall in summer are sustainable building design features of the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory Visitor’s Center in Golden, Colorado.
Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide 49
Chapter 4 | The Building Architectural Design
and energyefficiency targets, the individual spaces Safety and security Utilizes passive solar gain when the building is in
should be clearly described in terms of their: Similar functions, thermal zoning (see Chapter 5), need heating mode.
Primary functions for daylight or connection to outdoors, need for privacy Minimizes solar gain when the building is in cooling
Occupancy and time of use or security, or other relevant criteria can then be used mode through orientation, shading, and glazing
to cluster spaces. selection.
Daylight potential and electric light requirements After completing the F&OR document, careful concep Facilitates natural ventilation where appropriate.
Indoor environmental quality standards tual design should strive for a building that: Has good solar access if use of solar thermal or
Equipment and plug loads Has properly sized daylight apertures to avoid photovoltaic (PV) systems is anticipated.
Acoustic quality glare and maintain proper contrast ratios for visual
comfort.
We shape our buildings,
and afterwards our buildings
shape us.
– Winston S. Churchill, 1943
ood
Thomas W
Daylighting, natural ventilation cooling, downdraft cooltowers (evaporative cooling), Trombe wall (passive heating),
and a roofmounted photovoltaic (PV) system are important components of the wholebuilding design strategy that
reduced energy costs by more than 70% in the Zion National Park Visitors Center in Springdale, Utah.
50 Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide
Chapter 4 | The Building Architectural Design
Siting the Building for Solar Accessibility
Careful site selection and building placement are essen
tial for optimal daylight and solar utilization.
Does the building site receive unobstructed solar
radiation between the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.?
Are there major sky obstructions such as geologic
features, trees, or adjacent buildings?
Does the site allow for an elongated eastwest
configuration? If not, then manipulate the building
shape to increase the potential for daylighting and
solar load control.
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Plan early
In the conceptual design phase, site planning and
building configuration and massing must involve all
members of the design team. For example, the
decision to daylight the building will influence the
architectural design, the interior design, the HVAC
design, and the electric lighting design. Use shad
ing device tools and computer simulations to assess
how building massing and orientation resulting
from particular design decisions will affect overall
building performance.
Solar access is extremely important where use of solar thermal or PV systems is
anticipated or for passive solar heating in small buildings with minimal internal
gains. This chart shows solar access angles for buildings in Los Alamos.
Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide 51
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