Objectives of Chapter 2
      The goal of this chapter is to describe the 
        underlying physical concepts related to the 
        structure of matter.
      To examine the relationships between 
        structure of atoms-bonds-properties of 
        engineering materials.
      Learn about different levels of structure i.e. 
        atomic structure, nanostructure, 
        microstructure, and macrostructure.
                               2                       2
                 Chapter Outline 
      2.1 The Structure of Materials: 
        Technological Relevance
      2.2 The Structure of the Atom
      2.3 The Electronic Structure of the 
        Atom
      2.4 The Periodic Table
      2.5 Atomic Bonding
      2.6 Binding Energy and Interatomic 
        Spacing
                               3                       3
                           Section 2.1 
               The Structure of Materials: 
                  Technological Relevance
       Nanotechnology
       Micro-electro-
         mechanical (MEMS) 
         systems-Airbag 
         sensors
       Nanostructures
                                                 Figure 2.1
                                    4                           4
                  Table 2.1 Levels of Structure
     Level of Structure        Example of Technologies
     Atomic Structure         Diamond – edge of 
                                 cutting tools
     Atomic Arrangements: Lead-zirconium-titanate 
     Long-Range Order       [Pb(Zrx Ti1-x )] or PZT – 
     (LRO)                        gas igniters
     Atomic Arrangements: Amorphous silica - fiber
     Short-Range Order      optical communications
     (SRO)                        industry
                                                            Figures 2.2 – 2.4
                                        5                               5
                        Table 2.1 (Continued)
     Level of Structure      Example of Technologies
     Nanostructure            Nano-sized particles of
                              iron oxide – ferrofluids
     Microstructure           Mechanical strength of
                              metals and alloys
     Macrostructure           Paints for automobiles
                              for corrosion resistance
                                                          Figures 2.5 – 2.7
                                        6                                6