Introduction
   • 5G already launched in 49 Countries with 122 Commercial networks
   • In India, DOT on threshold of giving approval for Trials on 5G by 
    Operators
   • 5G Spectrum auction likely in 2021
   • Cellular macro and micro base station densification is already underway 
    in 4G  to support high data rates, capacity and coverage.
    
   • Many 5G technologies already being deployed by Indian Operators in 
    4G like Massive MiMo, Edge Computing, Cloud based EPC
   5G is Enabling New Services & Use Cases
                                                                    •  Speed – 100X for EMBB
                                                                    •  Latency – 1 msec as 
                                                                       compared to 200 msec 
                                                                       for URLL Comns in 5G 
                                                                    •  MMTC - Connectivity to 
                                                                       Billions of devices
                                                                    •  Network Slicing – NW is 
                                                                       split to tailor the speed, 
                                                                       capacity, coverage, 
                                                                       encryption requirement 
                                                                       of Users.
       5G will be an elastic network - don’t need to satisfy all these requirements all the time.
             Need to make sure 5G can satisfy the requirements of the particular Service
   Why Need for Non – Terrestrial Networks (NTN)
    • Coverage of 4G to 90% population already achieved in India using Fibre and Microwave 
     backhaul
    • To reach next 10%, Fibre and MW neither cost effective nor technically feasible
    • Bharat Net would certainly help in reaching some additional population
    • Hence need for Non – Terrestrial Network (NTN) for reaching the under served or unserved 
     areas.
    • NTN includes-
      
       GEO Stationary Satellites
      
       MEO Satellites
      
       LEO Satellites
      
       HAPS (High Altitude Platforms) 
   Satellite Categories                                                                                GEO 35786 km
           Latencies much larger than on terrestrial network
                                                                            MEO 8000-20000 km
                                                LEO 1500 km                                                  Max. Dist: 40586 km
     HAPS 20-50 km                                                                                           Delay (one-way): 135.3 
                                                                                                             ms
                              LEO 600 km                                         Max. Dist: 14018 km         Relative Speed: ~0 m/s
                                                                                 Delay (one-way): 46.7 
                                                                                 ms
                                                           Max. Dist: 3647 km
                                                           Delay (one-way): 12.1 
                                                           ms
          EARTH
                                 Max. Dist: 1932 km
                                 Delay (one-way): 6.4 
                                 ms                               Non GEO satellites are moving relatively to earth
                                 Relative Speed: ~7.5 
                                 km/s
  Use of Satellites in 2G & 3G
   • Indian operators have used Satellites (VSAT) for providing 2G & 3G networks 
    in remote areas
   • 2G launches in many towns for the first time were done using VSAT backhaul
    –Mainly in big but remote towns of MP, Chhattisgarh, HP, J&K etc which did not have 
     OFC and difficult to extend MW connectivity
    –Also in unserved areas like Ladakh, Andaman Islands & other remote areas. 
   • Issues faced then were:
    –Limited bandwidth availability 
    –Long process for Regulatory approvals 
    –High cost of equipment and bandwidth