Introduction
                       Introduction
     Old challenges.
       Old challenges.
     New challenges:
       New challenges:
         Globalization.
          Globalization.
         Knowledge-based economy.
          Knowledge-based economy.
     
     
              Importance of R&D
               Importance of R&D
     Characteristics of R&D in the Arab World.
      Characteristics of R&D in the Arab World.
     Characteristics of the Arab World economies.
      Characteristics of the Arab World economies.
     Importance of investing in R&D
      Importance of investing in R&D
     
     
                Characteristics of R&D 
                Characteristics of R&D 
                     in the Arab World
                     in the Arab World
      Inputs:
       Inputs:
         Budgets and investments
          Budgets and investments
         Human resources
          Human resources
         Infrastructure
          Infrastructure
      
      
                                                 Budgets and Investment
                                                  Budgets and Investment
                          R&D expenditures as % of GDP
                          Regions, 2002                                                                                          Selected Countries, 2003
                          World                                                                  1.7                             IIssrraelael                                                                      4.9
                          Developed countries                                                            2.3                     SSwweeddenen                                                                4.0
                          Developing countries                                         1.0                                       FFiinlnlaanndd                                                           3.5
                                                                                                                                 JJaapanpan                                                            3.2
                          Less dev. countries                            0.1
                                                                                                                                 UUSSAA                                                            2.6
                          Americas                                                                        2.7                    GGeerrmmananyy                                                    2.6
                          Europe                                                             1.7                                 UUKK                                                          1.9
                          Asia                                                             1.5                                   CChhiinnaa                                                1.3
                          Oceania                                                        1.4                                     BBrraziazill  ((22000)000)                              1.0
                                                                                                                                 IIndindia a ((20002000--22001)001)                     0.8
                          Africa                                            0.3
                                                                                                                                 TTuurrkekeyy  ((20020022))                            0.7
                          All Arab States                                   0.2                                                  TTuuninissiia a ((22000101--20022002))               0.5
                          Arab States Africa                                0.2                                                  EEggyypptt  ((20200101--2200002)2)                 0.2
                          Arab States Asia                                0.1                                                    SSyyrriiaa  ((20200011--20022002))                 0.2
                          Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimations, December 2004, European Trend Chart 2005
                
                
          Most R&D financing is sourced from public sector
           Most R&D financing is sourced from public sector
          
                 in % of Total  
                                       Government                        Industry  Other
                 Syria*                                   83                    0 17       100%
                 Arab countries*                            89                      3 8     100%
                 Average OECD**              30                     62                 8    100%
                 Japan**                 18                      75                    7    100%
                 Korea**                   24                       74                  1 100%
                     * For the year 1996
                     ** For the year 2004
                Source: Adapted from ESCWA-UNESCO, 1998, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard, 2005