Question 2
           • 2. What hardware technology are you least concerned 
               about for preservation archives in terms of reliability of 
               the bits, and why.
                > Tape
                      > Most of the digital archive data is on tape -> good track record. 
                      > There are still some customers with 3420s and 4480s out there, technology 20- 30 yrs 
                          old 
                      > Many independent studies done to predict archive life
                                –  10 - 100 years
                                –  Manufacturers typically  recommend 30 years maximum
                                –  Possible failure mechanisms 
                                       ●  Particle corrosion
                                       ●  Binder and substrate aging
                                       ●  Magnetic thermal stability
                      > Consider technology refresh  every 8 to11 years due to equipment obsolescence
                                –  Tape has high data rate for more efficient media conversion to next  technology 
                                –  Virtual tape solutions can help in migration to new technologies
                                                                                                                           2
     Question 3
     • 3. What hardware technology being developed in 1, 2, or 5 
       years would either increase or reduce the concern about the 
       reliability of the bits (defined as: the bits "in" will be the same 
       as the bits "out") and why.
           > Holographic storage would increase the concern about data archive 
             reliability because it is new and unknown.
                 – Difficult technical problems -> Long 40 year development history with no 
                  major commercial products yet. 
                 – Promising archive life but no field history on media archival reliability, so 
                  real failure mechanisms are unknown.
                 – Is roadmap compelling enough when compared to current archive 
                  technologies? Will it really become mainstream or just niche market? 
                                                                    3
       Discussion Topics
        •  1.  What hardware standards and/or hardware technologies can 
           now apply (and will apply in the near future) to digital preservation 
           in terms of: Magnetic Tape
            > a. Costs of long-term storage, including media and facilities Tape Media 
               is lowest cost GB technology suitable for archive. Need to include floor 
               space and environmental control costs for long term storage. 
            > b. Reliabilty of media and other components Long history of reliable use 
            > c. Migration to new technologies Fast data rate for more efficent 
               migration
            > d. Security Encryption available 
        •  2. What hardware technologies if any have the potential in the 2012 
           timeframe to change current methods and techniques of digital 
           preservation? Unknown
        •  3. What is the one thing that would be most useful to get from 
           software that could support the items in Topic #1? Background 
           migration to newer technologies every 8-11 years
                                                                                           4
       Access vs Power /CO2
                     Access Time and Energy (1PByte of Data for 1yr)
             1,000,000
               100,000
                10,000
                  1,000
                   100
                    10
             Access Time to Data (Sec)
                      1
                        1         10         100       1,000     10,000    100,000   1,000,000
                                 Energy Needed for Storage (lbs ofCO 2)
                                                                                              5
     What about throughput?
            Storage System Power Efficiency - Tape Library, MAID, RAID
        1400
        1200                                 GOODNESS
        1000
                                        TAPE SYSTEMS
        800
        600
        400
      CAPACITY  (TB/KW)
        200
                           DISK SYSTEMS
          0
           0     1     2    3     4    5     6     7    8
                         THROUGHPUT  (TB/HR/KW)
                                                             6