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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (877)
Aims:
1. To help the student appreciate man's place in the 7. To provide an opportunity to acquire
natural systems. interdisciplinary skills, knowledge and
2. To provide a wide understanding of knowledge understanding and to apply this logically and
resources relevant to environment protection and coherently in the field of environmental
conservation. conservation.
3. To provide an in-depth study of certain 8. To encourage student initiative and
environment related areas. resourcefulness in action leading to
4. To place environmental concerns in a environmental protection and conservation.
technological, social, political and economic 9. To present environmental concerns in a
context. challenging way and thereby encourage students
5. To provide a context for understanding the role to consider careers in the environmental field.
of individual values in conservation.
6. To provide a context for the individual student
to reflect on his/her beliefs and values in relation
to the environment.
CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject. (ii) Their impact on natural resource base: energy
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks resources; material resources; scale of
Paper II: Practical/ Project Work - … 30 marks catchment; quantity of resources used.
PAPER I-THEORY Impact of each mode on the available natural
resources.
There will be one written paper of three hours (iii) Their ecological impact: land transformation;
duration carrying 70 marks divided into two parts. habitat; diversity; modification of
Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short biogeochemical cycles; modification of
answer questions from the entire syllabus. climate; substantial use.
Part 2 (50 marks) will be divided into three sections. The scale of catchment; quantity of resources
Each section will consist of three questions. Students used, land transformation; impact on habitat,
will be expected to answer five questions choosing at biodiversity, modification of biogeochemical
least one from each section. cycles, modification of climate, substantial
use to be taught only to create a better
SECTION A understanding and not for testing
1. Modes of Existence (iv) Their social organisation: size of group;
kinship; division of labour; access to
(i) Modes of existence and resource use: hunting resources.
- gathering; pastoral; agricultural; industrial. Self-explanatory.
Modes of existence and resource use: hunting (v) Their ideology and idiom of man-nature
- gathering; pastoral; agricultural; industrial. relationship.
Two features defining each mode of existence. Self-explanatory.
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(vi) An appreciation of the coexistence of all four societies; ecological succession - causes
modes of existence in contemporary India. (autogenic and allogenic) - patterns of
Self-explanatory. successions.
(vii) Ecological conflicts arising therein. An understanding of hydrological, carbon,
Self -explanatory. nitrogen and phosphorous cycles showing the
linkages between the biotic and abiotic
2. Ecology elements (An understanding that different
(i) Concept of an ecosystem: definition; species thrive under different conditions – a
relationships between living organism, e.g. basic understanding of the Law of Tolerance).
competition, predation, pollination, dispersal, Definition of Ecological succession.
food chains, webs; the environment - physical Classification as primary and secondary.
(soil, topography, climate); biotic - types of Causes (autogenic and allogenic).
relationships (competition, mutualism, Understanding of the stages of succession.
parasitism, predation, defence); soil types and (v) Biomes: terrestrial; fresh water; marine; a
vegetation; co-evolution and introduction of survey of the biomes of India and their
species. inhabitants.
Definition of ecology and ecosystem. Examples of Biomes - Tropical rain forests,
Structure of an ecosystem: biotic and abiotic deserts, grasslands, coral reefs, lakes. Any
components. five biomes to be explained with reference to
Trophic relationships: food chains and food climate, topography, flora, fauna and their
webs. Biomagnification and bioaccumulation adaptations.
of toxic wastes.
Relationships between living organisms: 3. Pollution
competition, predation, mutualism, (i) Disruption of nutrient cycles and habitats:
parasitism, commensalism. Examples of each atmospheric pollution; human activities that
type. change the composition of the atmosphere;
Coevolution - Definition and types with connection between pollution and
examples. development; local and global effects
(ii) Habitats and niches: Gause's competitive (greenhouse effect, ozone depletion) and their
exclusion principle; resource partitioning. impact on human life; burning of fossil fuel
products - effect on ecosystem and human
Definition and a basic understanding of the health.
above. Air pollution: definition and causes.
(iii)Flow of energy: efficiencies - photosynthetic - Human activities that disrupt
trophic - assimilation - production; trophic hydrological, carbon, phosphorus and
levels; generalised model of the ecosystem; nitrogen cycles. The effects of these
ecological pyramid (numbers and biomass); disruptions. An understanding of how
food webs. developmental activities lead to air
An understanding that a small fraction of the pollution. A few examples at local and
suns energy is captured by the primary global level.
producers and thereafter, at every trophic An understanding of greenhouse effect.
level, assimilation efficiency reduces. Human sources of greenhouse gases.
Pyramid of flow of energy. Explanation of the local and global effects
(iv)Nutrient cycles: generalised model; a study of of:
carbon, nitrogen cycles (biological and – burning fossil fuel products (any two)
geological); man's intervention; pollution as – global warming with particular
disruption of these cycles; ecosystem as a reference to the ecosystem, human
source of material and sink waste for human health, sea level, biodiversity and
forests.
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(ii) Pollution control approaches - prevention and Causes of pollution of surface, ground
control: as applied to fossil fuel burning; the and ocean water and their effects. Point
role of PCBs; industrial pollution control - and non-point sources of water pollution.
principles - devices - costs - policy incentives; Difficulty in dealing with ground water
combating global warming; the international pollution.
political dimensions; third world interest;
impact on economic growth. Industrial pollution – heat and
Need for pollution control. Pollution radioactive substances and their effects –
prevention and control measures – Role of early hatching of fish eggs, failure to
Pollution Control Boards; one example of spawn, decrease in species diversity,
a PCB in a metropolitan city. migration of aquatic forms.
Approach: correction at source Domestic sewage treatment – primary
(prevention), pollution cleanup – study of and secondary treatment and treatment by
any two common devices. [As applied to working with nature.
fossil fuel burning] Protective measures taken for conserving
Industrial pollution: removal of particulate marine ecosystems and coastal zone
pollutants (cyclone collector, electrostatic management.- establishment of protective
precipitator) – removal of gaseous marine sanctuaries, integrated coastal
pollutants by wet dry system. management, regulated coastal
development, ban on dumping waste and
Indoor pollution: Common pollutants, sewage in coastal water, ban on dumping
sources and effect. sludge in oceans, protection of sensitive
Subsidies and incentives for green areas from oil drilling, double hull for oil
automobiles, green architecture, green tankers.
energy and green technology in the Indian Soil pollution – sources, effects and
context. mitigation.
Problems related to combating global SECTION B
warming – lack of international
cooperation, long term issue, effect not 4. Legal Regimes for Sustainable Development
uniform, impact on lifestyle and economy (i) National legislative frameworks for
as a reason for resistance. environment protection and conservation;
International political dimensions – survey of constitutional provisions (including
developing countries not prepared to take directive principles); national laws; state laws
steps at the cost of development, demand in India.
for cheap green technology to reduce Constitutional provisions- the Article 48A
emissions. and 51 A of Directive Principles of State
rd th
(iii)Water pollution: water cycle; pollution of Policy. 73 and 74 constitutional
surface water, ground water, ocean water; amendment act (Main objectives of the
industrial pollution and its effects; domestic above).
sewage and its treatment - techniques and Legislative framework:
appropriate technology; marine ecosystem
protection and coastal zone management; soil 1. Environmental Protection Act 1986.
pollution - sources - effects. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy and how it
Definition of water pollution. influenced Environmental Legislation
Understanding water cycle. in India – The passing of an Umbrella
Environmental Legislation - The
Environmental Protection Act 1986;
295
2. Forest (Conservation) Act 1981; Understanding the difference between
3. Wildlife Protection Act 1972; appropriate and traditional technology.
4. Biological Diversity Act 2002; Industrial revolution - genesis of ongoing
5. Water (Prevention and Control of technological revolution leading to
Pollution) Act 1974; development and degradation of
environment. Dependence on energy for
6. Air (Prevention and Control of all development.
Pollution) Act 1981. How technology can be used to generate
Twomain objectives of each of the above Acts a more equitable use of resources and
to be studied. build environmental sustainability.
(ii) International legal regimes: on trade and (ii) Renewable energy: limitations of
environment (GATT, WTO, IPR, TNC's, conventional sources; sources of renewable
regional arrangements and preferential trade energy and their features (solar, wind,
arrangements); on climate; on common biomass, micro-hydel and muscle power).
resources (forests, bio-diversities, oceans and Limitations of conventional sources of energy
space); international institutions (UNEP, such as - coal, natural gas and oil (extraction,
UNCTAD, WHO, UNDP, etc.); international transportation, storage, pollution and
initiatives (Earth Summit, Agenda 21). degradation of environment).
GATT: historical perspective (origin and
objectives and transformation into WTO); Renewable Energy: What is renewable
WTO:Principles and functions (Case study of energy; sources of renewable energy, their
disputes, examples); IPR : Types: (a) Patents features and uses: biomass, solar energy,
(Products vs Process), (b) Trademark, wind energy, hydel energy, geothermal energy
copyright, geographical indicators and – advantages and disadvantages of renewable
industrial designs; Transnational energy sources.
Corporations (TNC) – definition, impact of (iii)Health: incidents of disease as an indicator of
TNC on the environment, use of resources, the health of the environment; prevention of
waste disposal, manmade ecological disaster. diseases by better nutrition, sanitation, access
Case study of EXXON and BP oil spills to clean water, etc.; communicable and non-
International institutions (UNEP, UNCTAD, communicable diseases; techniques of low
WHO, UNDP, etc.); international initiatives cost sanitation; policy and organisation to
(Earth Summit, Agenda 21) – a brief provide access to basic health service for all;
understanding of their role in environmental the role of traditional and local systems of
protection. medicine.
5. Technology and Environment Diseases as indicators of health of the
(i) Technological evolution and models: hi-tech; Environment: Malaria – standing water,
low-tech; intermediate; appropriate; felling of trees. Enteric diseases –
traditional; interaction between technology, contaminated water. Respiratory diseases
resources, environment and development; –air pollution.
energy as a binding factor; the need for How diseases can be prevented by better
reorienting technology. nutrition, sanitation and access to clean
Definition of technology, a brief overview water.
of the evolution of technology and its Role of sanitation, water supply, good
impact on human societies. nutrition in maintenance of health and
Definitions of hi-tech, low-tech. and prevention of diseases: Prevention of
intermediate technology – their impacts deficiency diseases and water borne
on natural resources. diseases.
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