PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY 
           PRINCIPLES 
           OF 
           ENGINEERING 
           GEOLOGY 
           P.  B.  ATTEWELL and I. W.  FARMER 
           University of Durham 
           LONDON 
           CHAPMAN AND HALL 
           A Halsted Press Book 
           JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., NEW YORK 
                    First published 1976 
                    by Chapman and Hall Ltd 
                    11  New Fetter Lane,  London EC4P 4EE 
                    © 1976 J.  E.  Attewell and L. C.  Attewell 
                    Sriftcover reprillt rifthe hardcover 1ft editiolt 1976 
                    Typeset by Preface Ltd, Salisbury,  Wilts 
                    Fletcher & Son Ltd, Norwich 
                   ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5709-1       e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5707-7 
                   DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-5707-7 
                    All rights reserved. No part of this book 
                    may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in 
                    any form or by any electronic, mechanical or 
                    other means, now known or hereafter invented, 
                   including photocopying and recording, or in 
                    any information storage and retrieval system, 
                   without permission in writing from the Publisher. 
                    Distributed in the U.S.A. 
                    by Halsted Press, a Division 
                    of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 
                    Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 
                    Attewell, P   B 
                                 of engineering geology. 
                      Principles 
                       1.  Engineering geology.  I.  Farmer, Ian 
                    William, joint author.  II.  Title. 
                    TA705.A87  1975          624'151      75-20012 
                     Contents 
                             Preface                                                                         xi 
                             Symbols                                                                       xvii 
                             Composition of Rocks                                                             1 
                    1.1      Origin and geological classification of rocks                                    1 
                    1.2      Rock forming minerals                                                            7 
                    1.3      Clay minerals                                                                  16 
                    1.4      Base exchange and water adsorption in clay minerals                            20 
                    1.5      Mineralogical identification                                                   25 
                    2       Rock Particles and Particle Systems                                             30 
                    2.1      Rock particle classification                                                   30 
                    2.2      Typical rock particle systems                                                  33 
                    2.3      Physical properties of particulate systems                                     42 
                    2.4      Permeability of particulate systems                                            45 
                    2.5      Representation of stress in a soil mass                                        48 
                    2.6      Effective stress                                                               56 
                    2.7      Frictional properties of rock particles                                        60 
                    2.8      Soil deformation - drained granular media                                      66 
                    2.9      Soil strength - drained granular media                                         75 
                    2.10  Soil strength and deformation - clay soils                                        81 
                    2.11    Pore pressure parameters                                                        88 
                    2.12  Rate of porewater pressure dissipation                                            92 
                    2.13  The critical state concept                                                        97 
                    2.14  Limiting states of equilibrium                                                  100 
                    3       Clays and Clay Shales                                                         104 
                    3.1     Interparticle attraction and repulsion                                        105 
                    3.2     Sediment formation and clay fabrics                                           109 
                    3.3     Unstable clay fabrics                                                         117 
                    3.4     Glacial and periglacial clays                                                 122