Programming C# 
            Jesse Liberty  
            Publisher: O'Reilly  
            First Edition July 2001 
            ISBN: 0-596-00117-7, 680 pages 
             
            The goal of C# is to serve as a high-performance language for .NET development—one that is simple, 
            safe, object-oriented, and Internet-centric. Programming C# teaches this new language in a way that 
            experienced programmers will appreciate—by grounding its application firmly in the context of 
            Microsoft's .NET platform and the development of desktop and Internet applications. 
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                       Programming C# 
         
         Preface................................................................................................................................11 
          About This Book.........................................................................................................11 
          How the Book Is Organized...................................................................................11 
          Who This Book Is For...............................................................................................13 
          C# Versus Visual Basic .NET.................................................................................13 
          C# Versus Java...........................................................................................................14 
          C# versus C++...........................................................................................................14 
          Conventions Used in This Book............................................................................14 
          Support..........................................................................................................................15 
          We'd Like to Hear from You...................................................................................15 
          Acknowledgements...................................................................................................16 
         Part I: The C# Language..................................................................................................17 
         Chapter 1. C# and the .NET Framework.......................................................................17 
          1.1 The .NET Platform..............................................................................................17 
          1.2 The .NET Framework........................................................................................17 
          1.3 Compilation and the MSIL..............................................................................19 
          1.4 The C# Language...............................................................................................19 
         Chapter 2. Getting Started:"Hello World".......................................................................21 
          2.1 Classes, Objects, and Types..........................................................................21 
          2.2 Developing "Hello World"................................................................................26 
         Just In Time Compilation..................................................................................................29 
          2.3 Using the Visual Studio .NET Debugger....................................................29 
         Chapter 3. C# Language Fundamentals........................................................................33 
          3.1 Types......................................................................................................................33 
         The Stack and the Heap...................................................................................................34 
          3.2 Variables and Constants..................................................................................36 
         WriteLine( )..........................................................................................................................36 
          3.3 Expressions..........................................................................................................42 
          3.4 Whitespace...........................................................................................................42 
          3.5 Statements...........................................................................................................43 
         Statement Blocks...............................................................................................................46 
         All Operators Are Not Created Equal..............................................................................47 
         Whitespace and Braces....................................................................................................53 
          3.6 Operators..............................................................................................................56 
         Short-Circuit Evaluation....................................................................................................61 
          3.7 Namespaces.........................................................................................................63 
          3.8 Preprocessor Directives...................................................................................65 
         Chapter 4. Classes and Objects......................................................................................69 
          4.1 Defining Classes.................................................................................................69 
          4.2 Creating Objects.................................................................................................73 
          4.3 Using Static Members.......................................................................................78 
         Static Methods to Access Static Fields..........................................................................82 
          4.4 Destroying Objects............................................................................................82 
         How Finalize Works...........................................................................................................82 
          4.5 Passing Parameters...........................................................................................84 
          4.6 Overloading Methods and Constructors....................................................89 
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                         4.7 Encapsulating Data with Properties............................................................91 
                         4.8 Readonly Fields...................................................................................................94 
                      Chapter 5. Inheritance and Polymorphism....................................................................97 
                         5.1 Specialization and Generalization................................................................97 
                      About the Unified Modeling Language...........................................................................97 
                         5.2 Inheritance...........................................................................................................99 
                         5.3 Polymorphism....................................................................................................102 
                         5.4 Abstract Classes...............................................................................................107 
                         5.5 The Root of all Classes: Object..................................................................110 
                         5.6 Boxing and Unboxing Types........................................................................112 
                         5.7 Nesting Classes.................................................................................................114 
                      Chapter 6. Operator Overloading..................................................................................117 
                         6.1 Using the operator Keyword........................................................................117 
                         6.2 Supporting Other .NET Languages............................................................118 
                         6.3 Creating Useful Operators............................................................................118 
                         6.4 Logical Pairs.......................................................................................................118 
                         6.5 The Equals Operator.......................................................................................118 
                         6.6 Conversion Operators.....................................................................................119 
                      Chapter 7. Structs............................................................................................................125 
                         7.1 Defining Structs................................................................................................125 
                         7.2 Creating Structs................................................................................................127 
                      Chapter 8. Interfaces.......................................................................................................131 
                      Mix Ins...............................................................................................................................131 
                         8.1 Implementing an Interface..........................................................................131 
                         8.2 Accessing Interface Methods.......................................................................141 
                         8.3 Overriding Interface Implementations....................................................147 
                         8.4 Explicit Interface Implementation.............................................................150 
                      Chapter 9. Arrays, Indexers, and Collections..............................................................159 
                         9.1 Arrays...................................................................................................................159 
                         9.2 The foreach Statement..................................................................................162 
                         9.3 Indexers...............................................................................................................175 
                         9.4 Collection Interfaces.......................................................................................182 
                         9.5 Array Lists...........................................................................................................187 
                         9.6 Queues.................................................................................................................197 
                         9.7 Stacks...................................................................................................................199 
                         9.8 Dictionaries.........................................................................................................202 
                      Load Factor.......................................................................................................................204 
                      Chapter 10. Strings and Regular Expressions............................................................209 
                         10.1 Strings...............................................................................................................209 
                      Delimiter Limitations........................................................................................................222 
                         10.2 Regular Expressions.....................................................................................222 
                      Chapter 11. Handling Exceptions..................................................................................233 
                         11.1 Throwing and Catching Exceptions........................................................233 
                         11.2 Exception Objects..........................................................................................241 
                         11.3 Custom Exceptions.......................................................................................244 
                         11.4 Rethrowing Exceptions................................................................................246 
                      Chapter 12. Delegates and Events...............................................................................251 
                         12.1 Delegates..........................................................................................................251 
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