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Summary WI1402LR: Calculus II
Bram Peerlings – B.Peerlings@student.tudelft.nl – June 15th, 2011
Based on Calculus 6e (James Stewart) & Lecture notes
Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives
§14.5: The Chain Rule (p. 901)
General version:
߲ݑ ߲ݑ ߲ݔ ߲ݑ ߲ݔ ߲ݑ ߲ݔ ߲ݑ ߲ݔ
ൌ ଵ ଶ ଶ ⋯
߲ݐ ߲ݔ ߲ݐ ߲ݔ ߲ݐ ߲ݔ ߲ݐ ߲ݔ ߲ݐ
ଵ ଶ ଶ
Implicit differentiation:
݀ݕ ܨ
ൌെ௫
݀ݔ ܨ
௬
Also holds for other partial derivatives.
§14.6: Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector (p. 910)
Directional derivatives make it possible to calculate rates of change in directions other than ݔ and ݕ.
Directional derivative:
ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ 〈 〉
ܦ ݂ ݔ,ݕ ൌ݂ݔ,ݕ ∙࢛ൌ݂ ݔ,ݕ ݂ܽ ݔ,ݕ ܾ, with ࢛ൌ ܽ,ܾ a unit vector in the
௨ ௫ ௬
desired direction.
Gradient vector: ߲݂ ߲݂ ߲݂
ሺ ሻ 〈 ሺ ሻ 〉 ̂ ̂
݂ ݔ,ݕ ൌ ݂ ݔ,ݕ,ݖ ,݂ሺݔ,ݕ,ݖሻ ൌ ଙ ଚ
௫ ௬ ߲ݔ ߲ݕ ߲ݖ
The dot product of the gradient vector and a unit vector ࢛, expresses the directional
derivative in the direction of ࢛ as the scalar projection of the gradient vector onto ࢛.
The maximum value of the directional derivative occurs when ࢛ has the same direction as
ሺ ሻ | ሺ ሻ|
the gradient vector ݂ ݔ,ݕ , and is equal to the length of the gradient vector ( ݂ ݔ,ݕ .
Tangent plane and normal line:
The equation for a tangent plane is given by:
ܨሺ ,ݕ,ݖሻሺ ሻ ሺ ,ݕ,ݖሻሺ ሻ ሺ ,ݕ ,ݖ ሻሺ ሻ
ݔ ݔെݔ ܨ ݔ ݕെݕ ܨ ݔ ݖെݖ ൌ0
௫ ௬ ௭
The equation for a normal line is given by: s
௫ି௫ ௬ି௬ ௭ି௭ e
ሺ బ ሻ ൌ ሺ బ ሻ ൌ ሺ బ ሻ tiv
ி ௫ ,௬ ,௭ ி ௫ ,௬ ,௭ ி ௫ ,௬ ,௭
ೣ బ బ బ బ బ బ బ బ బ a
§14.7: Minimum and Maximum Values (p. 922) riv
De
Local versus global/absolute and critical point:
A global or absolute minimum or maximum is an extreme value on the full domain of the function, a rtial
a
P
ሾ ሿ :
local minimum or maximum is an extreme value on a designated domain ܽ,ܾ . The partial 14
derivatives on a critical point are equal to zero. If that equation cannot be solved, the function has no
critical point(s). apter
Stationary/saddle point: Ch
1
A stationary or saddle point is a local maximum with respect to one curve, and a local minimum with
ଷ
respect to the other. (Think of ݕൌݔ at ݔൌ0.)
Second derivatives test:
The second derivatives test gives the nature of a critical point.
ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ
݂ ܽ,ܾ ݂ ܽ,ܾ
ሺ ሻ ቈ ௫௫ ௫௬ ሺ ሻ
First, define ܪ ܽ,ܾ ൌ . The determinant of ܪ ܽ,ܾ and the value of
ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ
݂ ܽ,ܾ ݂ ܽ,ܾ
ሺ ሻ ௬௫ ௬௬
݂ ܽ,ܾ show whether the critical point is a local minimum, maximum or a saddle/stationary point.
௫௫ ቀ ሺ ሻቁ ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ
1. If det ܪ ܽ,ܾ 0 and ݂ ܽ,ܾ 0, ܽ,ܾ is a local minimum.
ቀ ሺ ሻቁ ௫௫ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ
2. If det ܪ ܽ,ܾ 0 and ݂ ܽ,ܾ ൏0, ܽ,ܾ is a local maximum.
௫௫
ቀ ሺ ሻቁ ሺ ሻ
3. If det ܪ ܽ,ܾ ൏0, ܽ,ܾ is a saddle point.
ሺ ሻ
If detቀܪ ܽ,ܾ ቁ ൌ0, the test is inconclusive.
Global/absolute minimum and maximum:
To find the global/absolute extreme value, there are three steps to take:
1. Find the values of ݂ at the critical points of ݂ in ܦ.
2. Find the extreme values of ݂ on the boundary of ܦ.
3. The largest from (1) and (2) is the global/absolute maximum, the smallest the
global/absolute minimum.
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riv
De
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14
apter
Ch
2
Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals
§15.1: Double Integrals over Rectangles (p. 951)
Definition:
The double integral is defined in the same way as the single integral, and can be
approximated by a (double) Riemann sum.
ሺ ሻ ∗ ∗
ඵ
݂ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ ൌlim ݂൫ݔ ,ݕ ൯Δܣ
ோ ,→ஶୀଵୀଵ
Midpoint Rule: ∗ ∗
Rather than taking an arbitrary point ൫ݔ ,ݕ ൯, the Midpoint Rule allows taking the center
൫ݔഥ,ݕഥ൯ of ܴ and then computing the Riemann sum.
ప ఫ
ඵ ሺ ሻ
݂ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ ൎlim ݂൫ݔഥ,ݕഥ൯Δܣ
ோ ,→ஶୀଵୀଵ పሾ ఫ ሿ
where ݔഥ is the midpoint of ݔ ,ݔ ഥ is the midpoint of ൣݕ ,ݕ൧.
and ݕ
ప ିଵ ఫ ିଵ
§15.2: Iterated Integrals (p. 959)
Fubini’s theorem:
When evaluating a double (or triple) integral, you are free to choose the order of integration.
ሺ ሻ ௗ ௗ ሺ ሻ
ඵ නන නන
ோ݂ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ ൌ ݂ሺݔ,ݕሻ݀ݕ ݀ݔ ൌ ݂ ݔ,ݕ ݀ݔ ݀ݕ
§15.3: Double Integrals over General Regions (p. 965)
Type I and Type II regions:
ሼሺ ሻ ሺ ሻ ሺ ሻሽ
Type I: ܦൌ ݔ,ݕ | ܽ ݔ ܾ, ݃ ݔ ݕ݃ ݔ
ሼሺ ሻ ଵ ሺ ሻ ଶ ሺ ሻሽ
Type II: ܦൌ ݔ,ݕ | ܿ ݕ ݀, ݄ ݔ ݔ݄ ݔ
ଵ ଶ
In integration, there is not much of a difference. One only has to pay attention to the order of
integration.
§15.4: Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates (p. 974)
Polar coordinates:
Rather than specifying a point by giving the distances to the origin on multiple axes, polar
coordinates specify a point by the (shortest) distance to the origin (radius ݎ) and an angle (ߠ).
Converting can be done with these formula’s:
ଶ ଶ ଶ
ݎ ൌݔ ݕ
ݔൌݎcosߠ s
ݕൌݎsinߠ l
gra
ݕ e
ିଵቀ ቁ t
ߠൌtan ݔ In
le
p
Jacobian: i
lt
When evaluating an integral in polar coordinates, the function to integrate must first be multiplied u
M
with a Jacobian (in this case a factor ݎ, printed in bold in the formula below). :
15
ሺ ሻ ఉ ሺ ሻ
ඵ නන
݂ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ ൌ ఈ ݂ ݎcosߠ,ݎsinߠ ࢘ ݀ݎ ݀ߠ apter
Ch
3
§15.5: Applications of Double Integrals (p. 980)
Double integrals can be used to find the center of mass and the moment of inertia of a general
volume.
Center of mass:
ܯ 1
௬ ඵ ሺ ሻ
ݔ̅ ൌ ݉ ൌ ݉ ݔ ߩ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ
ܯ 1
௫ ඵ ሺ ሻ
ݕതൌ݉ ൌ݉ ݕ ߩ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ
where the mass ݉ is given by
ඵ ሺ ሻ
݉ൌ ߩ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ
Moment of Inertia:
ඵ ଶ ሺ ሻ
ܫ ൌ ݕ ߩ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ
௫ ଶ ሺ ሻ
ܫ ൌඵݔ ߩ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ
௬ ଶ ଶ
ൌඵሺݔ ݕሻ ሺ ሻ ൌܫܫ
ܫ ߩ ݔ,ݕ ݀ܣ
௫ ௬
§15.6: Triple Integrals (p. 990)
Definition:
The triple integral of ݂ over the box ܤ is defined as
ሺ ሻ ∗ ∗ ଼
ම
݂ ݔ,ݕ,ݖ ܸ݀ ൌlim ݂൫ݔ ,ݕ ,ݖ ൯Δܸ
,,→ஶୀଵୀଵୀଵ
Fubini’s theorem: ௦ ௗ
මሺ ሻ නනනሺ ሻ
݂ ݔ,ݕ,ݖ ܸ݀ ൌ ݂ ݔ,ݕ,ݖ ݀ݔ ݀ݕ ݀ݖ
Applications:
Mind that the result of a triple integration is a hypervolume (since you’re integrating over a
volume (3D already), and by integrating, add an extra dimension), something that can only
exist in 4D. Although that is hard to imagine (if possible at all), there are some applications of
triple integrals: calculation of moments, centers of mass and moments of inertia, for
example. Electrical charge can also be expressed as a triple integral.
§15.7: Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates (p. 1000) s
Just as the polar coordinate system is an alternative to a 2D Cartesian system, a cylindrical l
gra
e
coordinate system is an alternative to a 3D Cartesian system. The third dimension is the ݖ‐axis and, t
In
surprisingly, stays the same when converting to cylindrical coordinates.
le
ଶ ଶ ଶ p
ݎ ൌݔ ݕ i
lt
ݔൌݎcosߠ u
M
ݕൌݎsinߠ :
ݕ 15
ିଵቀ ቁ
ߠൌtan ݔ apter
ݖൌݖ Ch
4
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