NUTRITION ESSENTIALS
                 A Guide for Health Managers
                   WHO/BASICS/UNICEF 1999
        ** Please note that this  PDF version does not contain Figures 1-16 as
        described throughout the text.
                                          ACRONYMS
                 ARI            Acute Respiratory Infection
                 BASICS         Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival
                 BCG            Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (TB vaccine)
                 BF             Breastfeeding
                 BFHI           Baby Friendly Hospitals Initiative
                 CBD            Community Based Distribution
                 CBO            Community Based Organization
                 CHA            Community Health Agent
                 CHW            Community Health Worker
                 CIDA           Canadian International Development Agency
                 DHS            Demographic and Health Surveys
                 EBF            Exclusive BF
                 HIV/AIDS       Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency
                                Syndrome
                 ICCIDD         International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency
                                Disorders
                 IDD            Iodine Deficiency Disorders
                 IEC            Information, Education, and Communication
                 IMCI           Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
                 INACG          International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group
                 IU             International Unit
                 IVACG          International Vitamin A Consultative Group
                 KAP            Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice
                 LAM            Lactational Amenorrhea Method
                 MCH            Maternal and Child Health
                 MDIS           Micronutrient Deficiency Information System
                 mg             Milligram
                 MICS           Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
                 MOU            Memorandum of Understanding
                 NGO            Non-governmental Organization
                 NID            National Immunization Day
                 OPV            Oral Polio Vaccine
                 PRA            Participatory Rural Appraisal
                 TBA            Traditional Birth Attendant
                 UNICEF         United Nations Children's Fund
                 USAID          United States Agency for International Development
                 VAD            Vitamin A Deficiency
                 WHO            World Health Organization
                           CONTENTS
          CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1
          BASIC FACTS ABOUT NUTRITION.............................................................................2
          GLOBAL SUPPORT FOR NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS..........................................3
          THE ROLE OF HEALTH PROGRAMS IN IMPROVING NUTRITION..........................4
          CHAPTER 2 PRIORITY NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS............................................7
          EXCLUSIVE BF.............................................................................................................8
          APPROPRIATE COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND CONTINUED
            BF FOR 2 YEARS......................................................................................................10
          ADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL CARE OF SICK AND MALNOURISHED
            CHILDREN.................................................................................................................15
          ADEQUATE VITAMIN A INTAKE................................................................................17
          ADEQUATE IRON INTAKE.........................................................................................19
          ADEQUATE IODINE INTAKE......................................................................................21
          CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPING A PLAN TO STRENGTHEN NUTRITION
            IN DISTRICT HEALTH SERVICES..........................................................................28
          IDENTIFY THE MAIN NUTRITION PROBLEMS........................................................29
          REVIEW EXISTING NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS.................................................34
          DEFINE TARGET GROUPS, SET NUTRITION OBJECTIVES, AND
            DEVELOP A STRATEGY..........................................................................................35
          IDENTIFY PROGRAM AND COMMUNITY RESOURCES........................................40
          CHAPTER 4 TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATING
            NUTRITION  IN HEALTH SERVICES......................................................................42
          INTEGRATING NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS IN HEALTH SERVICES: KEY
          STEPS.........................................................................................................................42
          CRITICAL HEALTH CONTACTS FOR NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS....................43
          NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS IN MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES......................45
          NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS IN CHILD HEALTH SERVICES...............................50
          CHAPTER 5 FORMING COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS.........................................56
          WHY COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS ARE IMPORTANT.........................................57
          THE ROLE OF THE PROGRAM MANAGER.............................................................57
          OPTIONS FOR BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS.............................................................58
          TYPES OF COMMUNITY-BASED ACTIVITIES.........................................................61
          CHAPTER 6 COMMUNICATIONS ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE NUTRITION...........68
          WHY COMMUNICATIONS ACTIVITIES ARE IMPORTANT......................................68
          THE ROLE OF THE HEALTH MANAGER..................................................................69
          DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM..............70
         CHAPTER 7 SUPPORTING NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS....................................79
         TECHNICAL GUIDELINES AND PROTOCOLS.........................................................80
         SUPPLIES....................................................................................................................80
         TRAINING, SUPERVISION, AND INCENTIVES........................................................84
         COUNSELING AND EDUCATION MATERIALS........................................................85
         MONITORING AND EVALUATION.............................................................................86
         CHAPTER 8 NUTRITION PROTOCOLS...................................................................93