Information and Communication                                                                                38920
         Technology in Rural Development
                                                            CONTENTS
    Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized
                             About the Editors.............................................................................................vi
                             Acknowledgments......................................................................................... vii
                             About the Authors ........................................................................................ viii
                             Preface.................................................................................................................. x
                             1.  Information Technology and Development: Foundation and Key
                                 Issues ............................................................................................................. 1
    Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedSubhash Bhatnagar
                             Decision Support to Public Administrators for Improving
                             Planning and Monitoring of Developmental Programs
                             2.  Electronic Support for Rural Health-Care Workers.......................... 14
                                 Mike Graves and Naresh Kumar Reddy
                             3.  Technological Challenges of the Disaster Management Plan
                                 for the State of Maharashtra................................................................... 25
    Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedKrishna S. Vatsa
                             Improving Services to Citizens and Bringing in Transparency
                             4.  IT at Milk Collection Centers in Cooperative Dairies: The
                                 National Dairy Development Board Experience............................... 37
                                 Rupak Chakravarty
                             5.  Computer-Aided Registration of Deeds and Stamp Duties ...........48
                                 J. Satyanarayana
                             6.  Computerization of Mandal Revenue Offices in Andhra
    Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPradesh: Integrated Certificate Application....................................... 66
                                 Asok Kumar
                             7.  Application of Information Technology for Rural Postal System .76
                                 Major. Ramakrishnan
                                                                  — iii —
                             Contents
                             Empowering Citizens Through Access to Information and
                             Knowledge
                             8.  Networking Knowledge-Rich, Economically Poor People .............84
                                 Anil K. Gupta, Brij Kothari, and Kirit Patel
                             9.  A Wired Village: The Warana Experiment .......................................... 99
                                 N. Vijayaditya
                             10. Satcom for Extension Training............................................................. 107
                                 B.S. Bhatia
                             11. Satcom for Barefoot Women Managers.............................................. 117
                                 Reema Nanavaty
                             12. Effective Use of Information and Communication Technology
                                 for Physically and Socially Disadvantaged Groups .......................122
                                 Bhushan Punani
                             13. Same Language Subtitling for Literacy: Small Change for
                                 Colossal Gains ......................................................................................... 130
                                 Brij Kothari and Joe Takeda1
                             Private-Sector Development
                             14. Inmarsat Experience in Village Telephony .......................................140
                                 Raj Gupta
                             15. Multipurpose Electronics and Computer Centers: Promoting
                                 IT-Centered Maintenance and Employment in Rural Areas.........146
                                 Santosh Choubey
                             Future Strategies
                             16. Emerging State-Level ICT Development Strategies .......................152
                                 Raja Mitra
                             Conclusion
                             17. Useful Starting Points in Future Projects .......................................... 161
                                 Robert Schware
                             Annotated Bibliography.............................................................................. 168
                                                                  —iv—
                                                                                                       Contents
                             Figures
                             2.1    An ANM at work.............................................................................................. 15
                             2.2    Data Backbone .................................................................................................. 18
                             2.3    The Paper Reporting System......................................................................... 21
                             4.1    Micro-Processor-Based Milk Collection System ....................................... 40
                             4.2    Farmers at the Automatic Milk Collection Station................................... 44
                             6.1    Functional Diagram of the APSWAN (AP State Wide
                                    Area Network).................................................................................................. 70
                             6.2    View of a Citizen Customer Interface ......................................................... 70
                             7.1    Cost of Reliability............................................................................................. 78
                             7.2    Cost of Reliability and Failure ...................................................................... 78
                             7.3    Cost of Reliability and Failure with Maintainability............................... 78
                             7.4    The CUPS machine .......................................................................................... 81
                             8.1    The Golden Triangle for Rewarding Creativity........................................ 88
                             8.2    Knowledge Network Multimedia and Textual Database....................... 89
                             8.3    Framework for Understanding and Augmenting Grassroots
                                    Innovations........................................................................................................ 90
                             8.4    Jethabhai A. Kamariya, an innovator, with his innovation.................... 94
                             8.5    Bhanjibhai Mathukia, an innovator, with her innovation...................... 95
                             8.6    Display of database to women using notebook computer..................... 95
                             10.1   Training and Development Communication Channel .......................... 110
                             10.2   Overview of the Jhabua Development Communications Project....... 113
                             13.1   Children watching Same Language Subtitling film songs ..................133
                             14.1   Distribution of Telephones between Urban and Rural Areas..............141
                             14.2   Inmarsat LAMM and VSATs........................................................................ 142
                             14.3   Competitive Positioning Deployment and Data Capability................142
                             Tables
                             3.1    Work Plan of Activities................................................................................... 27
                             5.1    Quantitative Benefits....................................................................................... 56
                             13.1   Average Syllable-Level Reading Improvements for Different
                                    Word Lengths.................................................................................................. 134
                             13.2   Average Word-Level Reading Improvement for Different
                                    Word Lengths.................................................................................................. 134
                             15.1   Application Areas for Multipurpose Centers.......................................... 147
                                                                  —v—
                       ABOUT THE EDITORS
             Subhash Bhatnagar is CMC Professor of IT at the Indian Institute of
             Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). His research, teaching and consulting work
             covers National IT Policy, IT for development, MIS design frameworks, and
             Decision Support Systems. He is currently coordinating a CIDA sponsored
             Telecom Policy Research Centre at the IIM in collaboration with McGill
             University. He is also coordinating the setting up a center for Electronic
             governance at IIMA with the support of the IT industry. He is Founder Chairman
             of the IFIP working group on Social Implications of Computers in Developing
             Countries and the editor of its newsletter on Information Technology in
             Developing Countries. He has published eighty papers, seven books and has
             lectured in forty countries. He holds a Doctorate in Management from the IIMA,
             where he has worked for 25 years and has also served as its Dean. He is a Fellow
             of the Computer Society of India.
             Robert Schware is a Visiting Professor at the Indian Institute of Management,
             currently on a World Bank sponsored External Development Program
             Assignment. He is a Senior Informatics Specialist in the Telecommunications
             and Informatics Unit of the World Bank, Washington, D.C., where he manages
             informatics portfolios consisting of projects to develop information
             infrastructure, computer literacy, and various applications of information and
             communication technology for government and rural development in Turkey,
             Indonesia, and India, among other countries. He has been at the World Bank
             for over 12 years, and has worked on projects in Africa, the Caribbean, South
             and East Asia. He holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics.
                              —vi—