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REPORT WRITING: DRAFTING Week 5
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
To understand and appreciate the different languages of report writing
To understand the different key considerations in drafting the report
NTRODUCTION
I
You are now ready to draft your report. In the earlier stage, you organized your report by
gathering relevant material for it and mapping out the structure of presentation of content or
ideas in it. If you have done all that consistently and logically, then you now have a mental map
of your report, and your task now is to fill up the map with words, graphics and other visuals
that complete the entire report. In this set of notes, you will be introduced to some important
considerations in the drafting of your report. These are:
1. Use the appropriate languages of report writing
2. Use appropriate style and tone
3. Incorporate charts and tables in the texts
4. Use in‐text citations
5. Write an executive summary for the report
6. Edit and proofread the report
Use the appropriate languages of report writing
The report is a complex writing challenge because the language you use must be consistent in
some sense and appropriate in another sense. That is, while tone must be consistent, the type
of report language to be used varies from one section to another. In the Findings section, you
use evaluative language. In the
use interpretive language; in the Conclusions section, you
Recommendations section, imperative (or command) language is preferred.
Interpretive language in the Findings section
The Findings section must aim for an objective presentation of data through appropriate
words and phrases, texts, charts and tables. For example, you should report on what your
data says or what your respondents or what experts say.
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Being objective is tricky, though. In the Findings section, we are mainly concerned with the
following question: “What does this information or data mean?” But this question requires your
interpretation, not someone else’s. This goes without saying that if someone else is interpreting
the data, it may be a different take on the facts or information.
Nevertheless, objectivity here means an approach to reading facts, data and other kinds of
information. This further means two things: (1) your interpretation requires a logical
presentation of facts but (2) it does not ask you to explain why particular facts mean the way
they do. Find out more about appropriate (and inappropriate) interpretation below (Note: Use
these examples for Mini Lecture 3).
√ A great majority of respondents believe that the retrenchment package is unfair. Sixty‐
eight percent (68%) of all respondents perceive the package to be unfair because it only
provides three legal days for management to inform employees of possible
retrenchment. An additional 23% percent of respondents also believe that the package is
unfair because remuneration is not comparable to the length of years served by
retrenched employees. Only 9% of the respondents say that the package is generally fair.
If you look at the italicized words – a great majority, because, only – you will realize that the analysis is not
100% objective. However, this is really the nature of interpretation. The important thing is that you lead the
reader through your own logical way of presenting the facts. In other words, you must convince the reader
that your interpretation is feasible, and even correct. In the analysis above, the first sentence is the
interpretation. The succeeding sentences present the facts that support that interpretation.
Why is because acceptable in the analysis above? After all, the word does provide an explanation too. The
answer is simple. The explanation is not your. It is the respondents who made the connection between
ideas. Also, notice the word only in the last sentence. This is also subjective because 9% of, say, 10,000
respondents is still 900 people. Can you say only if 900 people are involved? In the analysis above, it is
possible that only is used in comparison with the great majority of respondents who say otherwise.
So why not take out all these subjective words? That is one possibility, but remember that in the Findings
section, your aim is to persuade your reader that your interpretation is right. If the reader is not convinced,
then it is highly likely that you will also not persuade the reader with your conclusions and
recommendations.
× Sixty‐eight percent (68%) of all respondents perceive the package to be unfair because it
only provides three legal days for management to inform employees of possible
retrenchment. An additional 23% percent of respondents also believe that the package is
unfair because remuneration is not comparable to the length of years served by
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retrenched employees. Only 9% of the respondents say that the package is generally fair.
This is referred to as the literal description of data. There is no interpretation going on here. The analysis
merely put into words what probably could have been showcased in a table or graph. Many writers fall into
this trap of literal description. There must be a general interpretation; otherwise you may end up with the
question, ‘so what?’ In the Findings section, make sure that you have generalizing statements that
showcase your interpretation of the data or facts. Without such interpretive statements – such as A great
majority of respondents believe that the retrenchment package is unfair – you will have nothing to put
together in your Conclusions. In a sense, you can call these statements Big Statements or Key Findings. They
usually appear at the beginning of a paragraph or section to be followed by the presentation of facts and
data.
× A great majority of respondents believe that the retrenchment package is unfair. Sixty‐
eight percent (68%) of all respondents perceive the package to be unfair because it only
provides three legal days for management to inform employees of possible
retrenchment.
The interpretation is certainly not supported by a logical presentation of facts. The reader may ask, “Why
does 68% mean ‘great majority’?” In other words, there is a loophole in the analysis. Even if ‘great majority’
is changed to ‘most’, what happened to the rest of the respondents? The interpretation is there (in the first
sentence), but it is not convincing because of the loophole in the presentation.
× The retrenchment package is unfair because sixty‐eight percent (68%) of all respondents
say it only provides three legal days for management to inform employees of possible
retrenchment. An additional 23% percent of respondents also believe that the package is
unfair because remuneration is not comparable to the length of years served by
retrenched employees. Only 9% of the respondents say that the package is generally fair.
Look at the first sentence whose main ideas are connected by the linking word because. Is this what the
data is saying? It is one thing to say that the package is unfair and another thing to say that most
respondents believe that it is unfair. The interpretation and presentation of facts are mixed up.
× A great majority of respondents believe that the retrenchment package is unfair. Sixty‐
eight percent (68%) of all respondents perceive the package to be unfair because it only
provides three legal days for management to inform employees of possible
retrenchment. An additional 23% percent of respondents also believe that the package is
unfair because remuneration is not comparable to the length of years served by
retrenched employees. Only 9% of the respondents say that the package is generally fair.
This could be because this minority has been provided with financial support for
relocation.
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National University of Singapore
With the italicized sentence, you are no longer interpreting the data here; you are providing an explanation.
This is already part of evaluative language which belongs to the Conclusions section.
× An unbelievable majority of respondents believe that the retrenchment package is unfair.
Sixty‐eight percent (68%) of all respondents perceive the package to be unfair because it
only provides three legal days for management to inform employees of possible
retrenchment. An additional 23% percent of respondents also believe that the package is
unfair because remuneration is not comparable to the length of years served by
unhappily retrenched employees. An awfully small 9% of the respondents say that the
package is generally fair.
Interpretive language in the Findings section must avoid deeply personal and emotionally‐charged
language. As soon as you write unhappily retrenched employees, you are making a stand in the issue by
making clear that you are siding with the retrenched employees. This is not a good strategy. Even if you
have a point, the reader may begin to question your objectivity in the report. Your interpretation must play
out the logic of your analysis, and not the use of words which can distract the reader from truly
understanding and accepting your interpretation.
There are also other important considerations in making sure that your interpretation is clear,
correct and logical.
Begin the Findings section with a short paragraph on what the readers should expect in
the section. This includes brief information on the structure of the section and the
areas or topics being discussed.
Your interpretative statements must appear in a predictable way in your Findings
section. This means that your statements must be easily found. The best place for such
statements to appear is at the beginning of a paragraph or section to be followed by
your presentation of facts or data.
Whenever appropriate, present your data using appropriate graphics. All charts and
data should be neatly and clearly presented, with a label and title.
Draw explicit connections between ideas, words, sentences, paragraphs and sub‐
sections using linking words or linguistic signposts such as First, Second, Third,
Moreover, Therefore, and In addition. This is critical in achieving coherence in your
analysis.
End with a summary of key findings and an invitation for the reader to read the
conclusions in the next section.
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