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Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies Vol. 2, Number 1, February 2016
Translating Theory of English into Indonesian and
Vice-Versa
Teti Apriyanti, Heidy Wulandari, Marita Safitri, and Novita Dewi
ABSTRACT
The present study is aimed at providing translating theory of English into Indonesian and vice
versa. In achieving the aim, content analysis of expressive (poem), informative (report and
academic), and vocative text (advertisement) is applied. The analysis is based on three
aspects consisting of grammatical structure, cultural words, and writing mechanic. The result
shows that the translator needs to adapt the grammatical structure, cultural words, and writing
mechanic of source language into target language. However, there are exceptions in cultural
words and capitalization. In translating from English into Indonesian especially in academic
text, some English words are assimilated into Indonesian (foreignization). In translating
Indonesian poem into English, the target text capitalization imitates source text
capitalization. Besides, for the purpose of attractiveness, persuasion, and effectiveness in
translating Indonesian advertisement into English, different words are prefered but the
meaning is retained.
Keywords: translating theory, English, Indonesian
INTRODUCTION translation, text categories, Indonesian and
Translation is a product of translating. English characteristics, pre-
In translating, the meaning of source text is understanding, methodology, result and
transferred to target text. In order to discussion, translating theory of English
achieve equivalent target text, the into Indonesian and vice-versa, and
characteristics of the source and target conclusion.
language are crucial to take into account. THE NATURE OF TRANSLATION
Since each language has its own Translation is a product of transferring
characteristics, English and Indonesian are
different in terms of characteristics. source text into semantically and
Therefore, translator needs to understand stylistically equivalent target text
when and how to use these characteristics (Bassnett, 1980; Catford, 1965; Koller
in translating. 1989). Translation is distinguished from
Answering the question of when and translating which means the process of
how to use the characteristics of English transferring source text into target text
and Indonesian in translating, the present which involves translators and the
study is aimed at providing the translating psychological and intellectual functioning
theory of English into Indonesian and vice- of their mind. Supporting the definition
versa. In order to draw the theory, this above, Nida and Taber (1969) tend to see
article is divided into eight major sections. translation as a reproduction of a text
Respectively the sections are the nature of which aims to compose the closest natural
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Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies Vol. 2, Number 1, February 2016
equivalent meaning and style of the source In short, the nature of translation is the
text into the target text. Another definition result of translating which involves the
of the term translation that seems process of transfering source language to
highlighting “meaning” and “style” in target language. It aims at transforming
translation is proposed by the French unaccessible meaning of the source text
theorist, Dubois as cited in Bell (1991, pp. into accessible and understandable one in
5-6) that translation is the expression in target language. The nature of translation
another language (or the target language) includes process of transfering meaning,
of what has been expressed in another, understanding of kinds of translation, and
source language, preserving semantic and components of translation.
stylistic equivalences. Therefore, it can be
said that translation is the result of TEXT CATEGORIES
transfering language in order to make the According to Newmark (1988, pp. 39-
source text accessible or understandable to 42), language has three main functions.
the audience of the target text who feel They are expressive, informative and
certainly alienated from linguistic features vocative function. The three language
of the source text. functions are the basic of categorizing and
According to Newmark (1988, pp. 45- classifying the texts into the following
47), translation consists of word for word text-categories and text-types.
translation, literal translation, faithful Firstly, in expressive function, the
translation, semantic translation,
adaptation, free translation,idiomatic speaker, the writer and the creator’s
translation, and communicative translation. intention in utterances is the central part.
Another notion by Hartono (2009, pp. 9- By using the utterances, he or she
15) about the types of translation is based communicates his or her feelings,
on the style. Hartono suggests five types of irrespective of any response. According to
translation consisting of dynamic the function, the first type is serious
translation, pragmatic translation, imaginative literature which involve
aesthetic-poetic translation, ethnographic poetry, short stories, novels and plays.
translation, and linguistic translation. These texts have the personal stamp of
Translation is distiguished from their authors despite denotative ones. The
translating in which translation is the second type is authoritative statement
product while translating is the process. consisting political speeches, documents,
The process of translating involves legal documents and academic works. The
analyzing the source language, then third text-type is autobiography,
transferring it, followed with essays, personal correspondence.
reconstructuring it into the target language They are considered as the expressive if
(Djuhari, 2004). Another process is they are personal effusions.
suggested by Newmark (1988, p. 19) Second, the main function of
which involves choosing a method of informative text is external situation, the
approach, translating with four levels; 1) facts of a topic, reality outside language,
the textual level 2) the referential level, 3) including reported ideas or theories. For
the cohesive level, and 4) the level of translation purposes, typical informative
naturalness, and revising the procedure. texts focus on topic of knowledge and
Such process involves important literary subjects as they convey value-
components of translation such as human, judgment towards expressiveness. The
tools, sociocultural components, linguistics format of this text is usually standard such
components (House, 2015). as a textbook, a technical report, an article
in newspaper, and a thesis.
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Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies Vol. 2, Number 1, February 2016
Third, the main function of vocative Pengembangan Indonesian, 2000). In
text is the readership or the addressee. The comparison, plural in English is marked
term ‘vocative’ refers to the readership that with the addition of s/es in regular form
acts, thinks, and feels. For the translation such as books and churches, and other
purposes, typical vocative text concerns form of words in irregular form such as
with instructions, publicity, propaganda, children and oxen. The other
persuasive writing, and fiction. distinguishing characteristic is possessive
pronoun of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd singular
INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH pronoun in Indonesian is attached to the
CHARACTERISTICS end of a noun for example, bajuku, tasnya,
kamarmu while the 3rd, 2nd plural is
In relation to translation as a process of written separately after the noun for
transferring equivalent meaning from example, kelas kalian, rumah kami, meja
source language to target language, the kita. In comparison, all possessive
characteristics of both languages are pronouns in English are written separately
important to take into account. Therefore, before the noun such as my pen, your
this section will be description of the pencils, her diary, his car, its tail, their
comparison between Indonesian school, our children.
characteristics and English characteristics. In detail, TruAlfa & Indodic.com
One of the distinguishing characteristics is suggests the similarities and differences
plural. In Indonesian, plural is in form of between Indonesian and English as shown
double words with dash for example, anak- in the table below.
anak, buku-buku, kuda-kuda (Panitia
Table 1. English and Indonesian Similarities and Differences (Adapted from
TruAlfa&Indodic.com)
Similarities Differences
English Indonesian
The ways of arranging English has tenses for verbs Tenses are not used in Indonesian.
sentences and paragraphs are
similar.
Both languages form words in English has gender Indonesian doesn't have gender
the same way by attaching (male/female/neuter personal
prefixes and suffixes to root pronouns)
words
Both languages have passive English has a plural suffix "s" Indonesian plural concept is
& active voices - indonesian understood by context or by the
uses "di-" prefix to indicate addition of other words or repetition
the passive voice while of the same words using hypen to
English uses the "-ed" suffix. express the concept of something
being "more than one".
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Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies Vol. 2, Number 1, February 2016
Similarities Differences
English Indonesian
Both languages use similar English uses contractions such as Indonesian doesn’t use contractions
numbering systems except that aren’t, won’t, etc. such as aren’t, won’t, etc.
indonesian uses a decimal(dot)
instead of a comma as 3 digit
separator (be aware that
English is inconsistent with
terms for large numbers -
American system and
British/European system are
different)
Both languages use similar English is more varied and Indonesian sentences almost always
punctuation marks such as inconsistent. have the primary thought or focus on
commas, periods, parenthesis, the beginning of the sentence, the
question marks, quotation main thought comes first and the
marks, hyphens, etc. adjunct second.
Symbols are nearly the same Modifying adjectives are usually after nouns in indonesian
for both languages placed before the noun in English
Capitalization is nearly the English has articles There are no articles in indonesian
same for both languages (no a, an or the), although the se-
prefix can act in a similar manner
such as in secarik = a scrap or sebuah
= a piece (of fruit).
There are many words that are English doesn't use the circumfix Indonesia uses the circumfix affix
identical to both languages affix
and even more that are very
similar. Most spellings for
names of the world's countries
are the same or very similar in
both languages.
English uses figurative forms a lot indonesian uses figurative forms less
more frequently than in indonesian frequently than in English
English has different spellings for 3rd indonesian does not change the verb.
person singular verbs (example: "I go, you go, he goes" - "I
go" is 1st person singular, "you go" is
2nd person singular and "he goes" is
ISSN 2442 – 790X 41
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