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                                    TheCambridge
                                                         Grammar
                           of the English
                                                         Language
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                         Geoffrey K. Pullum
                                 in collaboration with   Laurie Bauer
                                                         Betty Birner
                                                         Ted Briscoe
                                                         Peter Collins
                                                         David Denison
                                                         David Lee
                                                         Anita Mittwoch
                                                         Geoffrey Nunberg
                                                         Frank Palmer
                                                         John Payne
                                                         Peter Peterson
                                                         Lesley Stirling
                                                         Gregory Ward
                                                                                   iii
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                                                                    publishedbythepresssyndicateoftheuniversityofcambridge
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                                                                     C CambridgeUniversityPress2002
                                                                    This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
                                                                    andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollective licensing agreements,
                                                                    noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
                                                                    the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
                                                                    First published 2002
                                                                    Printed in the United Kingdom by William Clowes Ltd, Beccles, Suffolk
                                                                                                                            A
                                                                    Typefaces Adobe Minion 10/13 pt & ffTheSans      System L
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                                                                    Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
                                                                    Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
                                                                    Huddleston, RodneyD.
                                                                    TheCambridgegrammaroftheEnglishlanguage/
                                                                    RodneyHuddleston,GeoffreyK.Pullum
                                                                         p.    cm.
                                                                    Includes bibliographical references and index.
                                                                    isbn 0521 43146 8 (hardback)
                                                                    1. English language – Grammar.   i. Pullum, Geoffrey K. ii. Title.
                                                                    pe1106.h74   2002   425–dc21   2001025630
                                                                    isbn 0521 43146 8 (hardback)
                                                                                           i
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                                                                                                                                             v
                                        Contents
                        List of contributors vi
                        Notational conventions x
                        Tree diagrams xiii
                        Preface xv                     1 Preliminaries 1
                                                         GeoffreyK.Pullumand RodneyHuddleston
                                                      2 Syntacticoverview 43
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                      3 Theverb 71
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                      4 Theclause:complements 213
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                      5 Nounsandnounphrases 323
                                                         JohnPayneand RodneyHuddleston
                                                      6 Adjectivesandadverbs 525
                                                         GeoffreyK.Pullumand RodneyHuddleston
                                                      7 Prepositionsandprepositionphrases 597
                                                         GeoffreyK.Pullumand RodneyHuddleston
                                                      8 Theclause:adjuncts 663
                                                         AnitaMittwoch,RodneyHuddleston,and PeterCollins
                                                      9 Negation 785
                                                         GeoffreyK.Pullumand RodneyHuddleston
                                                     10 Clausetypeandillocutionaryforce 851
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                      11 Contentclausesandreportedspeech 947
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                     12 Relativeconstructionsandunboundeddependencies 1031
                                                         RodneyHuddleston,GeoffreyK.Pullum,and PeterPeterson
                                                     13 Comparativeconstructions 1097
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                     14 Non-finiteandverblessclauses 1171
                                                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                     15 Coordinationandsupplementation 1273
                                                         RodneyHuddleston,JohnPayne,and PeterPeterson
                                                     16 Informationpackaging 1363
                                                         GregoryWard,BettyBirner,and RodneyHuddleston
                                                      17 Deixisandanaphora 1449
                                                         Lesley Stirling and Rodney Huddleston
                                                     18 Inflectional morphologyandrelatedmatters 1565
                                                         FrankPalmer,RodneyHuddleston,and GeoffreyK.Pullum
                                                     19 Lexical word-formation 1621
                                                         Laurie Bauer and Rodney Huddleston
                                                     20 Punctuation 1723
                                                         GeoffreyNunberg,TedBriscoe,and RodneyHuddleston
                        Further reading 1765
                        Index 1779
                          Lexical index 1780
                          Conceptual index 1813
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                                                 1
                                                     Preliminaries
                          GeoffreyK.Pullum
                         RodneyHuddleston
                                                  1 Theaimofthisbook 2
                                                  2 Prescriptivism,tradition,andthejustificationofgrammars 5
                                                 2.1 Prescriptive and descriptive approaches: goals and coverage 5
                                                2.2 Disagreementbetweendescriptivist and prescriptivist work 6
                                                  3 Speechandwriting 11
                                                 3.1 Therepresentation of English pronunciation 13
                                                     3.1.1 Rhotic and non-rhotic accents 13
                                                     3.1.2 An accent-neutral phonological representation 14
                                                3.2 Pronunciation and spelling 17
                                                  4 Theoreticalframework 18
                                                 4.1 Description and theory 18
                                                4.2 Basic concepts in syntax 20
                                                     4.2.1 Constituent structure 20
                                                     4.2.2 Syntactic categories 21
                                                     4.2.3 Grammatical constructions and functions 23
                                                4.3 Morphology,inflectional and lexical 26
                                                4.4 Defininggrammaticalconcepts 28
                                                  5Semantics,pragmatics,andmeaningrelations 33
                                                 5.1 Truth conditions and entailment 34
                                                5.2 Non-truth-conditional aspects of sentence meaning 36
                                                5.3 Pragmatics and conversational implicatures 37
                                                5.4 Pragmatic presupposition 40
                                                                                                                                         1